Zitat von
https://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwi/communicablediseases/chapter2.html#table13
PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATIONWith the coming of the severe fall wave of the influenza epidemic, attention was very generally directed to the possibility of individual protection by means of inoculation of bacterial vaccines. Though reports had indicated great uncertainty on the part of the bacteriologists as to the primary etiological relationship of the Pfeiffer bacillus to the disease, most vaccines used contained this organism. It was usually combined in varying proportions with type pneumococci, hemolytic streptococci, and even staphylococci. Many apparently favorable reports were made, but owing to the explosive character of the epidemic and its appearance nearly simultaneously in all parts of the country, most extensive vaccination experiments were made after the epidemic was on the wane or at least well under way. If, then, it be remembered that the case fatality is greatest during the earlier part of an outbreak, and if the results in persons vaccinated relatively late in an outbreak are compared with a control group whose cases and deaths were counted from the beginning, it is seen that it is easy to obtain figures more favorable to the vaccine than the facts warrant. Many such reports were published. The results of vaccination with any of the organisms used during the war period in reducing the incidence of the primary influenzal infection may be regarded as negative.
With the development of knowledge of the specific differences in the types of pneumococci, hopes were aroused that vaccination with the types responsible for the greater number of cases might reduce the incidence of pneumonia. The first large-scale experiment in this country was undertaken at Camp Upton, N. Y., in the spring of 1918.48 Over 12,000 men were inoculated with a saline vaccine containing pneumococci, types I, II, and III. In the 10 weeks subsequent to this treatment the vaccinated men remained free from pneumonia due to these types, while the 19,000 unvaccinated men furnished 18 such cases. There was also shown a marked reduction in the rates of the vaccinated troops for Group IV pneumonias and especially for streptococcus pneumonias. The total pneumonia incidence was 1.33 per thousand for the vaccinated for the 10-week period, and 5.29 per thousand for the control group. It proved impossible to compare the groups further, owing to their departure for France. The vaccine used in this experiment contained equal parts of each of the three fixed types of pneumococci, 1,000,000,000 of each for the first dose, 2,000,000,000 for the second, while the third and fourth doses contained 3,000,000,000 each of Types I and II and 1,500,000,000 of Type III. The injections were made at weekly intervals, the majority of the men receiving 3 or 4 doses, some only 1 or 2.
A similar experiment was carried on at Camp Wheeler, Ga., in the fall of 1918.49 In this instance the vaccine was a lipovaccine containing 10,000,000,000 cocci of each of the three fixed types, 30,000,000,000 in all.
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