List of NATO exercises
1950s[edit]
• Exercise Mainbrace - Defence of Denmark and Norway during September 1952.
• 200 ships
• over 50,000 personnel[1]
• Exercise Grand Slam. Naval exercise in the Mediterranean Sea[2] in 1952.
• Exercise Longstep. Large naval exercise in the Mediterranean Sea[2] in 1952.
• Exercise Italic Weld, a combined air-naval-ground exercise in northern Italy during August 1953[2]
• Exercise Grand Repulse during September 1953
• British Army on the Rhine (BAOR)[2]
• Netherlands Corps [2]
• Allied Air Forces Central Europe (AAFCE)[2]
• Exercise Monte Carlo, a simulated atomic air-ground exercise during September 1953
• Central Army Group[2]
• Exercise Weldfast, a combined amphibious landing exercise in the Mediterranean Sea during October 1953
• American, British, Greek, Italian and Turkish naval forces.[2]
• During Exercise Battle Royal in September 1954, I Corps (Belgium) consisted of 1 (BE) Infantry Division and 16 (BE) Armoured Division with 1 Canadian Brigade and 46 Parachute Brigade (16th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)) under command.[3]
• Exercise Carte Blanche (1955) - Rehearsal of the use of tactical nuclear weapons.
• Operation Counter Punch (1957)[4]
• Operation Strikeback (1957)[4] Involved 200 warships, 650 aircraft, and 75,000 personnel from the United States Navy, the Royal Navy, the Royal Canadian Navy, the French Navy, the Royal Netherlands Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Navy. Was the largest peacetime naval operation up to that time, according to the New York Times.[5]
• Operation Deep Water (1957)[4]
• Exercise Mariner (1957)[6]
• Exercise Full Play (1958)
• Exercise Side Step (1959)[7]
• Exercise Riptide (1959) - An anti-submarine/airstrike exercise held in the US and Western Atlantic. Involved Naval forces from United States and United Kingdom.[8]
• Exercise Red Epoch (1959)[9]
1960s[edit]
• Exercise Fallex (1960)[10]
• Operation Skyshield (1960–1962) - Held in US and Canada by NORAD and CONAD to test defenses against air (nuclear) attack from Soviet Union.
• Exercise Weldfast (1961)[11]
• Exercise Silver Tower (1968)[12][13] - A large scale naval exercise in the Mediterranean, testing of merchant convoy procedures.
• Exercise Teamwork (1964/1976/1980)[14][15] - Naval, shipping protection, humanitarian operations.
1970s[edit]
• Exercise Bold Guard (1974) - Resulted in the Kiel Canal disaster.[16][17]
1980s[edit]
• Exercise Anorak Express (1980) - Cold weather training.[15]
• Exercise Display Determination (1982/1984) [18][19] - Parachuting in Turkey
• Exercise Central Enterprise (1982 to present) - A periodic live-fire exercise designed to test integrated air defenses in Western and Central Europe.[20]
• Able Archer 83, carried out in November 1983, is believed to have nearly started a nuclear war with the Soviet Union.
• Exercise Autumn Forge (1983)[21] - Exercise in Holland.
• Exercise Lionheart (1984). A large exercise led by Britain in 1984 involving 131,565 UK personnel, quoted as being the largest since World War 2. Also involving approximately 10,000 FRG, Dutch, American and Commonwealth personnel.[22]
• Exercise Caravan Guard (1988) - During the exercise V (US) Corps and 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR) tested reconstitution of degraded combat units after an initial battle.[23][24]
• Exercise Iron Hammer (1988). Involved 24,800 troops and 7000 vehicles operating in UK and FRG.[25]
• Exercise Reforger 1988[26]
Post-Cold War (1990–present)[edit]
• Northern Viking. Annual exercise held in Iceland, every two years until 2006 when the frequency was increased. Tests capability and inter-operability of forces. Includes naval vessels, fighter planes and helicopters from multiple countries. Size example: involved transfer of 400 foreign troops to iceland in 2008.
• Joint Warrior. Ongoing since sometime in the Cold War. Up to 13,000 personnel. Airborne assaults, amphibious landings, counter-insurgency, counter-piracy and interstate war. Held in UK. Currently done twice a year (as of 2022).
• Frisian Flag. Major aerial exercise in Netherlands. Annual, first held 1992. Uses about 70 aircraft. Eg about 1000 personnel in 2018.
• Unified Vision. Twice-yearly exercise which began in 2012 to test advanced defense systems at the Ørland Main Air Station in Norway.[27]
• BALTOPS Annual US-led maritime exercise in Germany and the Baltic Sea. Participating countries include Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Finland and Sweden.
1997[edit]
• Baltic Challenge. Naval.
1998[edit]
• Baltic Challenge. Naval.
1999[edit]
• Battle Griffin. 20,000 soldiers. 16 February to 3 March in Norway. Land, sea, air and Home Guard Forces from 8 NATO countries (Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States) participated.[28]
2006[edit]
• Cold Response: Took place in Norway in March, involving 10,000 troops from 11 countries under Norwegian leadership.
2009[edit]
• Cold Response. Norwegian-led, in Norway 16–25 March.
• Cooperative 09. 1100 troops; held in Georgia.
• Loyal Arrow 09. Largest military exercise ever held in Sweden, involving 900 ground troops, 50 aircraft, and a British aircraft carrier with 1000 sailors onboard.
2010[edit]
• Cold Response. 9,000 troops from 14 countries. Norwegian-led in Norway 17 Feb - 4 March.
2012[edit]
• Cold Response. 16,000 troops. Norwegian-led in Norway in March.
2014[edit]
• Cold Response. More than 16,000 troops. Norwegian-led in Norway in March.
• Atlantic Resolve. Four companies of U.S. forces (about 150 troops each) rotate continuously throughout the year, deployed in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. Also U.S. Air Force Joint Terminal Attack Controller from the 2nd Air Support Operations Squadron out of Vilseck, Germany.
• Iron Sword. Lithuania led exercise involving 2,500 troops from November 2 – November 14.[29]
2015[edit]
• Atlantic Resolve. Several U.S. fighter squadrons and U.K. Royal Air Force "Task Force Brawler" operate in Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia.
• Dragoon Ride. Small operation connected with Atlantic Resolve.
• Spring Storm (Siil, Hedgehog). 13,000 troops including 7,000 reservists. Article 5-type scenario in Estonia in May.[30]
• Iron Sword. Lithuania led exercise involving 2,000 troops from November 8 – November 20.[31]
• Trident Juncture 2015, September–November 2015, Mediterranean Sea.[32]
2016[edit]
• Cold Response 16. More than 15,000 troops. Norwegian-led in Trøndelag, Norway from 29 February - 11 March.
• Air Component
• United States
• Boeing B-52H Stratofortresses of the 2nd Bomb Wing[33]
• Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers[33]
• General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons[33]
• Lockheed C-130 Herculeses[33]
• Anaconda 2016. Polish-led exercises involving 31,000 military personnel from 24 NATO and non-NATO countries, including 14,000 from the U.S., 12,000 from Poland and 800 from the UK.[34] Elements of the NATO Response Force participated in the exercises.[35] Took place from 7 June to 17 June.[35]
• Atlantic Resolve. Several U.S. fighter squadrons and U.K aviation Task Force operate in Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia.
• Iron Sword. Lithuania led exercise involving 4,000 troops from November 20 – December 2.[36]
2017[edit]
• Atlantic Resolve. Several U.S. fighter squadrons, U.S. 10th Combat Aviation Brigade, a U.S. Army Aviation Brigade of 400 soldiers and, also from the U.S., 3500 army troops, 87 tanks and 144 Bradley Fighting Vehicles operated in Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia.
• Rapid Trident. 2500 personnel, including Canadian. Location: Ukraine.
2018[edit]
• Exercise Trident Juncture 2018. 50,000 troops. Held in Trøndelag, Oppland and Hedmark, Norway mainly in October–November. Stated purpose was to train the NATO Response Force.
• Atlantic Resolve. Several U.S. fighter squadrons, a U.S. Army Aviation Brigade and a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team operated in Eastern Europe.
2019[edit]
• Atlantic Resolve. Several U.S. fighter squadrons, a U.S. Army Aviation Brigade and a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team operated in Eastern Europe.
• Iron Spear (7 October—13 October). Hosted in Latvia, 28 tank crews from eight countries take part in maneuvering, targeting and shooting exercises.[37]
2020[edit]
In 2020, NATO conducted 88 of 113 planned NATO exercises, the reduction in number being due to the COVID-19 pandemic. NATO countries also held 176 other national and multinational exercises.[38] The exerises included the following:
• DEFENDER-Europe 20. U.S.-led multinational exercise including NATO participation. Included 20,000 soldiers deployed directly from the U.S. to Europe.[39]
• Dynamic Mongoose 20. NATO-led. 29 June to 10 July 2020 in the High North. Ships, submarines, aircraft and personnel from six Allied nations (France, Germany, Norway, UK, Canada and U.S.) exercised off the coast of Iceland for anti-submarine warfare and anti-surface warfare training.[40]
• Cold Response. Suspended due to the pandemic.
• Bomber Task Force. Strategic bomber mission held since 2018 for U.S. integration with NATO allies.[41]
• Atlantic Resolve. Several U.S. fighter squadrons, a U.S. Army Aviation Brigade and a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team operated in Eastern Europe.
• Iron Spear (10 October—15 October). Hosted in Latvia, 44 armored fighting vehicles representing twelve countries take part in an armored gunnery competition.[42]
Six U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress bomber aircraft from the 5th Bomb Wing, Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, arrived at RAF Fairford, England on 22 August 2020 for a planned training mission where the aircraft conducted theater and flight training across Europe and Africa.[43]
On 4 September, the American B-52s entered the airspace of Ukraine for the first time in history, where they made a long flight along the borders of the Crimean peninsula.[44]
On 25 September, two U.S. bombers staged a mock attack run on Kaliningrad, a Russian semi-exclave on the Baltic between Poland and Lithuania, where Russia moved nuclear-capable missiles in 2018.[45] The flight path allowed the bombers effectively to fly a circle around Kaliningrad. The simulated raid on the region was a test case of neutralizing Russian missile systems.[46]
Altogether, in August–September 2020, two U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress bomber aircraft, integrated with Norwegian F-35 and F-16 fighter aircraft as well as Norwegian frigates, flew over international waters in the vicinity of the Norwegian Sea.[47]
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